Today I´m gonna show you how to use a usb thumb drive as a virtual RAM device for your pc. The thumb drive I used is a 2 Gb from Kingston. The size should be less than 4 Gb. When you look at the sreenshots below you have to consider that it is in German. Step 1: Rename your thumb drive as 'RAM DRIVE', so you can see that it is the one which is. May 29, 2020 10 Fixes for USB Not Showing Up on Mac. The reasons behind the problem of a USB device not showing up are various, including the USB port is not working, USB drive corruption, virus infection, macOS faulty, etc.So, to figure out the effective solutions for your own case, you need to take time to have some basic check, exclude the irrelevant issues, identify the potential risk, and finally. Nov 23, 2016 Create a Bootable Mojave USB Installer Flash Drive in Mac OS X 10.14 - Duration: 17:42. Gemsbok Apple Tips and Tricks 63,812 views.
By default, Mac starts from its built-in hard disk, but a startup disk can be any storage device that contains bootable contents that compatible with your Mac. For example, if you install macOS or Microsoft Windows on a USB drive, your Mac can recognize that drive as a startup disk. This guide provides 2 ways to boot a Mac from a USB flash drive.
Requirement
Starting up your Mac from an external disk requires the following:
- Intel-based Mac.
- Bootable USB thumb drive formatted with a GUID partition type and containing an OS X installer or a usable operating system.
Let’s see how to boot a Mac from a bootable USB drive and what to do if your Mac doesn’t start up from it.
Way 1: Boot Mac from USB Drive using Startup Manager
Getting your Mac to load from a USB drive is fairly straightforward. Use the following steps, you can easily set Mac boot from an external drive in Startup Manager, so it’ll only boot from USB that one time.
Step 1: Insert the USB boot media into a USB slot.
Step 2: Turn on your Mac (or Restart your Mac if it’s already on).
Step 3: Press and hold the Option key immediately after you see the Apple logo. Holding that key gives you access to OS X’s Startup Manager. Once the Startup Manager screen appears, release the Option key. The utility will look for any available drives that include bootable content.
Step 4: Using either the pointer or arrow keys on the keyboard, select the USB drive you wish to boot from. Once selected, either hit the Return key or double-click your selection. The machine will start to boot from the USB drive.
Way 2: Set a Mac Boot from USB Drive using Startup Disk
When you use Startup Disk preferences to set Mac boot from an external drive, so it’ll boot from that disk until you choose a different one. Here is how:
Step 1: Go to Apple menu > System Preference, then click Startup Disk.
Step 2: Click the locked icon and then enter your administrator password.
Step 3: Select External drive as the startup disk, then restart your Mac.
What to do if your Mac does not boot from the selected drive
If you see a message prompts that your security settings do not allow this Mac to use an external startup disk, check the External Boot setting in Startup Security Utility, and then allow your Mac to use an external startup disk.
Step 1: Open Startup Security Utility.
Turn on your Mac, then press and hold Command (⌘) + R immediately after you see the Apple logo. Your Mac starts up from macOS Recovery. When you see the macOS utility window, choose Utilities > Startup Security Utility from the menu bar. When you’re asked to authenticate, click Enter macOS Password, then choose an administrator account and enter its password.
Step 2: Select “Allow booting from external media“.
If you want to select an external startup disk before restarting your Mac, quit Startup Security Utility, then choose Apple menu > Startup Disk.
Note: If you’re using Boot Camp in a dual-boot Windows/OS X environment, you may be unable to boot negatively into supported versions of Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista or Windows 10 operating systems installed on external USB hard drive.
Make sure disk has been formatted with a GUID partition type
Intel-based Macs support starting from an external USB storage device’s volume that has been formatted with a GUID partition type. If you wish to boot from the drive, it’s important to format the partition as “GUID Partition Table” rather than either of the other two ahead of time when you use that drive as a bootable drive.
Make sure your disk is bootable
Volumes that aren’t bootable and don’t contain a copy of a valid operating system aren’t listed in Startup Disk or Startup Manager. Make sure the external drive you’re trying to start from contains a usable operating system.
Prevent SSD wear by using a RAM disk for cache | 40 comments | Create New Account
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Tangentially, if you are concerned about SSD wear, it might be worth your while to use something like SmartSleep to change the OS X behavior from 'sleep & hibernate' to 'sleep only'.
The default OS X config will write the contents of your RAM to disk every time your machine sleeps. That means a 4GB or 8GB write every time you close the lid on your laptop. It's a much bigger hit than the Safari cache.
The default OS X config will write the contents of your RAM to disk every time your machine sleeps. That means a 4GB or 8GB write every time you close the lid on your laptop. It's a much bigger hit than the Safari cache.
Is it really every time? I thought only when battery is low. Surely it takes longer to read/write 8GB, even on SSD, than speed of OS X's sleep/wake cycle.
Unless my understanding is badly flawed, it indeed is every time.
Once you close the lid, the screen goes dark, but the OS does write out the entire sleepimage file every time you sleep.
Once you close the lid, the screen goes dark, but the OS does write out the entire sleepimage file every time you sleep.
Yes AFAIK, its written on sleep every time, and only read back if the battery has drained and the RAM contents have been lost during the sleep (so most times you see the fast wake from RAM, and occasionally a tens of seconds wake from disk).
So the part that totally blows me away is that it appears to really write all of the contents of RAM out to the sleep image.
You'd think that the sleep image would omit the memory used for caching, but it doesn't seem to, i have a real 2.0GB file as my sleepimage.
I guess on a hard disk this is probably the correct optimization, but on an SSD it's not.
You'd think that the sleep image would omit the memory used for caching, but it doesn't seem to, i have a real 2.0GB file as my sleepimage.
I guess on a hard disk this is probably the correct optimization, but on an SSD it's not.
I guess you're right for the laptop Macs. I think the default behavior for iMacs and Power Macs is: sleep:machine will go to sleep only (saves state in RAM only, power supply keeps RAM contents).
Judging by the speed my 2006 iMac goes to sleep and wakes up (which is instantly).
Judging by the speed my 2006 iMac goes to sleep and wakes up (which is instantly).
'I guess you're right for the laptop Macs ... Judging by the speed my 2006 iMac goes to sleep and wakes up'
Yup. Disabling 'sleep & hibernate' mode only applies for laptop Macs. However, the way to verify this is NOT by user perceptions of sleep and wake, since your Mac can still be doing writes after it's seemingly asleep.
The correct way to verify is to look for existence (or lack thereof) of the 'sleepimage' file in /var/vm/
And my Mac Mini indeed does not have a sleepimage file, so I guess this is only an issue for laptop SSD users. (Disabling 'sleep & hibernate' was the first thing I did when I got an SSD in my laptop.)
Those concerned about SSD wear should read this report:Yup. Disabling 'sleep & hibernate' mode only applies for laptop Macs. However, the way to verify this is NOT by user perceptions of sleep and wake, since your Mac can still be doing writes after it's seemingly asleep.
The correct way to verify is to look for existence (or lack thereof) of the 'sleepimage' file in /var/vm/
And my Mac Mini indeed does not have a sleepimage file, so I guess this is only an issue for laptop SSD users. (Disabling 'sleep & hibernate' was the first thing I did when I got an SSD in my laptop.)
http://www.bitmicro.com/press_resources_debunking.php
Two calculations are in there:
- The older assumes 100k cycles per cell, writing 3.4 Terabyte of data to a 160 GB SSD daily will leave your SSD functional for almost 13 years.
- The newer assumes 2 million cycles per cell, constant (sic!) writing at 80 GB/sec on a 64 GB SSD will leave it intact for more than 50 years.
Performance also affected by unnecessary writes (no TRIM in Mac OSX)
Interesting article!
Still, it keeps puzzling me why there are a lot of users experiencing measurable slow down (on Mac OSX without TRIM support). Is this caused by the wear leveling algorithm for which it gets tougher and tougher to find unused cells??
If true, then reducing writes will still be beneficial to maintain write performance as long as Mac OSX does not support TRIM. So there are still other concerns than only the lifetime of an SSD to consider.
Still, it keeps puzzling me why there are a lot of users experiencing measurable slow down (on Mac OSX without TRIM support). Is this caused by the wear leveling algorithm for which it gets tougher and tougher to find unused cells??
If true, then reducing writes will still be beneficial to maintain write performance as long as Mac OSX does not support TRIM. So there are still other concerns than only the lifetime of an SSD to consider.
Performance also affected by unnecessary writes (no TRIM in Mac OSX)
'Still, it keeps puzzling me why there are a lot of users experiencing measurable slow down (on Mac OSX without TRIM support). Is this caused by the wear leveling algorithm for which it gets tougher and tougher to find unused cells??'
Sort of--the key word here is 'without TRIM support'--to my knowledge all the reports of modern drives experiencing slowdowns over time have nothing to do with wear leveling or failed cells, but with the lack of TRIM support meaning that the drive is having to re-write large blocks of data even for small amounts of data transfer. The reason that this problem exists (and the reason for TRIM support) area heavily documented if you read around.
So while slowdown is most certainly an issue, and it's even possible that web cache would exacerbate it, the lack of TRIM has more to do with it than any kind of wear issues. And it's important to note that just because cells in the SSD wearing out aren't likely to be a problem, that doesn't mean the drive isn't going to fail--just that it's not likely to be failed data cells that cause the drive to die. It might only last a year, or it might last ten, but it's going to be controller of full-chip failure that kills it, not data wear.
Note, also, that SandForce drives have better firmware to deal with the data slowdown issues than older (or, to my knowledge, Intel) drives. In particular OWC's drives have firmware that deals VERY well with the MacOS's lack of TRIM support--every real-world test I've seen of their drives show consistent read/write performance no matter how hard the drive is stressed.
Sort of--the key word here is 'without TRIM support'--to my knowledge all the reports of modern drives experiencing slowdowns over time have nothing to do with wear leveling or failed cells, but with the lack of TRIM support meaning that the drive is having to re-write large blocks of data even for small amounts of data transfer. The reason that this problem exists (and the reason for TRIM support) area heavily documented if you read around.
So while slowdown is most certainly an issue, and it's even possible that web cache would exacerbate it, the lack of TRIM has more to do with it than any kind of wear issues. And it's important to note that just because cells in the SSD wearing out aren't likely to be a problem, that doesn't mean the drive isn't going to fail--just that it's not likely to be failed data cells that cause the drive to die. It might only last a year, or it might last ten, but it's going to be controller of full-chip failure that kills it, not data wear.
Note, also, that SandForce drives have better firmware to deal with the data slowdown issues than older (or, to my knowledge, Intel) drives. In particular OWC's drives have firmware that deals VERY well with the MacOS's lack of TRIM support--every real-world test I've seen of their drives show consistent read/write performance no matter how hard the drive is stressed.
'Those concerned about SSD wear should read this report: Press Resources Debunking'
Can we agree that there are many CONFLICTING reports being issued? There are also reports showing some bad real world outcomes with heavy wear on SSD's, and well as reports claiming it is a non-issue.
My take on the issue:
- I don't think the science is settled yet on this issue.
- I think this is a new technology where long-term issues will be discovered in the real world long-term.
- I think different manufacturers are experimenting with different solutions to the issue.
- I think folks involved in SSD manufacture and sales have an interest in pushing reports that take one particular side of the issue.
- In short, I don't think we yet know with anything even getting close to certainty about the long-term effects of heavy wear on SSD's.
So, I tend to take a balanced approach. I disable 'hibernate & sleep' on my SSD laptops, since it's an ever-present source of VERY heavy writes. I try to leave my SSD's 50% empty to not put stresses on provisioning schemes.
Disabling 'hibernate & sleep' doesn't bother me, since I can manage low battery situations on my own, without any real hassle.
Leaving my SSD's 50% empty doesn't bother me, since I don't need much local storage, because I keep my media on the LAN, and I can tunnel into my LAN when I'm traveling.
Those two steps seem like the low-hanging fruit to me.
Beyond those two simple steps, I don't worry. I don't put my Safari cache on a RAM disk. I don't change my behavior to avoid disk writes. I just enjoy the speed of my SSD.
Everyone is going to take different strategies, depending on their own needs. (If you're rich, don't worry, since you can just replace the SSD in 18 months. If you want to keep a machine with that SSD in it for 5 years, take some simple precautions, since the real verdict on the technology is in dispute.)
Can we agree that there are many CONFLICTING reports being issued? There are also reports showing some bad real world outcomes with heavy wear on SSD's, and well as reports claiming it is a non-issue.
My take on the issue:
- I don't think the science is settled yet on this issue.
- I think this is a new technology where long-term issues will be discovered in the real world long-term.
- I think different manufacturers are experimenting with different solutions to the issue.
- I think folks involved in SSD manufacture and sales have an interest in pushing reports that take one particular side of the issue.
- In short, I don't think we yet know with anything even getting close to certainty about the long-term effects of heavy wear on SSD's.
So, I tend to take a balanced approach. I disable 'hibernate & sleep' on my SSD laptops, since it's an ever-present source of VERY heavy writes. I try to leave my SSD's 50% empty to not put stresses on provisioning schemes.
Disabling 'hibernate & sleep' doesn't bother me, since I can manage low battery situations on my own, without any real hassle.
Leaving my SSD's 50% empty doesn't bother me, since I don't need much local storage, because I keep my media on the LAN, and I can tunnel into my LAN when I'm traveling.
Those two steps seem like the low-hanging fruit to me.
Beyond those two simple steps, I don't worry. I don't put my Safari cache on a RAM disk. I don't change my behavior to avoid disk writes. I just enjoy the speed of my SSD.
Everyone is going to take different strategies, depending on their own needs. (If you're rich, don't worry, since you can just replace the SSD in 18 months. If you want to keep a machine with that SSD in it for 5 years, take some simple precautions, since the real verdict on the technology is in dispute.)
If there was a 'Like' button here, and I actually had a facebook account, I would hit it. ;)
You've got overprovisioning, wear-levelling and huge write-optimizing cache built into the drive. With this there's no weak spot in the drive that would wear out quicker than the rest of the drive, so the drive won't fail when first flash cell fails, but only after last spare fails. Flash cells have between 10-100K write cycles, so with 128GB of cells that's 1.2 to 12 PETABYTES of written data that the drive can handle.
Seriously, if you used 2mbit broadband, all piped straight to cache, 24h a day, for TEN YEARS non-stop you would only use 6% of lowest estimate of drives endurance.
I really wouldn't be worried about longevity of modern flash drives. Yes, they have finite lifetime, but so do spinning platters, heads and motors in HDD. I actually trust SSD more, as worn-out flash just becomes read-only, and doesn't have risk of catastrophic mechanical failures of spinning drives.
You are probably right about not being too concerned, but, of course when the drive fills up gradually the calculations is not correct anymore. The drive can do wear-leveling on a ever shrinking part of the SSD (say 60 GB of a 120GB drive).
Physical block allocation is not exposed to the OS, so the drive is free to swap contents of blocks in order to start saving to newest ones (although I'm not sure if OCZ controllers are smart enough to do that).
Modern SSD drives from Intel and anything with a SandForce controller (OCZ / OWC) no longer have the performance penalty over time. TRIM support is no longer required in the OS.
That being said, yes, you have fewer writes than you might with a traditional hard disk but the SSD should last 3-4 years for 90% of the folks out there. Some of these newer SSD's have a model meant for RAID which will stress the writes further. The SSD's for RAID are more expensive.
http://www.anandtech.com/show/2899/8 -> Lot's of detail in this review.
That being said, on a Mac, I moved my user folder to a traditional disk and keep the boot volume and applications plus my VM images on the SSD drive. I also clone the SSD weekly as I had one fail suddenly and without warning. It was warranty replaced, but all data was lost instantly!
That being said, yes, you have fewer writes than you might with a traditional hard disk but the SSD should last 3-4 years for 90% of the folks out there. Some of these newer SSD's have a model meant for RAID which will stress the writes further. The SSD's for RAID are more expensive.
http://www.anandtech.com/show/2899/8 -> Lot's of detail in this review.
That being said, on a Mac, I moved my user folder to a traditional disk and keep the boot volume and applications plus my VM images on the SSD drive. I also clone the SSD weekly as I had one fail suddenly and without warning. It was warranty replaced, but all data was lost instantly!
The problem is not that SSDs have a performance penalty. SSDs will FAIL after a number of I/O operations. SSDs, along with all non-volitile RAM have a limited number of reads and writes before the gates within the chip lose their capacitance and stop holding the charge. The key is to limit the number of reads and writes to any NV-type RAM to extend its life.
In case of flash, number of reads/writes is practically infinite, only number of erase cycles is limited. You erase a cell, then write data to it until it's full. Reading doesn't wear it.
Usb Drive As Ram Mac
Indeed the two SSD 'corruptions' I had thus far showed first after Google Chrome started to act strangely. The SSD (not sure which chipset, SuperTalent UltraTalent GX) was not damaged and it was twice a HFS+ corruption, one only solveable by formatting (thank you TimeMachine). I'm now giving this a try anyway, thanks for the nice script!
The hint does not work as it is posted. Two errors: - Make sure you first create a directory with your short user name on the RAM disk, inside that you create the Cache Folder
- The link call given is the wrong way round AND missing the username, it must read (for Google Chrome):
for Safari:
You are correct about the syntax error in the 'ln -s' line. However, after digging around, Google Chrome's cache is not located in but instead at:
The Chrome Cache is only (falsely!) located in Application Support if you were an early adopter, see this bugreport: http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=14545Edited on Jan 05, '11 11:05:31AM by unforeseen:X11
Thanks for the correction you are absolutely right! These should be part of the hint, but it seems I cannot edit hints after they are posted.
I went in and made this change. Thanks for the corrections!
Great tip, I used to do this on Windows and it really speeded up my browser.
A question: as RAM prices continue to fall and Power Macs can support vast amounts of memory, would it not make sense to create say a 4-8 GB ramdisk and load more application files to it? If you have 16-32 GB of RAM, you can afford to dedicate a lot for this. And at current RAM prices, this is much cheaper than buying an SSD too.
A question: as RAM prices continue to fall and Power Macs can support vast amounts of memory, would it not make sense to create say a 4-8 GB ramdisk and load more application files to it? If you have 16-32 GB of RAM, you can afford to dedicate a lot for this. And at current RAM prices, this is much cheaper than buying an SSD too.
Use A Flash Drive As Ram Mac
Maybe I'm thinking about this too hard, but why not put the entire ~/Library/Caches directory on the RAMdisk? And why save it at shutdown? They're caches, right? Is there any harm in just letting them get rebuilt when necessary? Sure, the first launch of any app after a restart might be slower, but we've got an SSD to minimize that, and I don't restart very often anyway.
True, thought about this too. But, losing the cache on logout will mean you also loose stuff like your Safari preview thumbnails (it will regenerate them on launch via a relatively slow internet connection).
In case of a SSD, it will diminish the advantage you gain (fast app starts) because of the slower cache rebuilds (also counts for Word font cache, etc.).
In case of a SSD, it will diminish the advantage you gain (fast app starts) because of the slower cache rebuilds (also counts for Word font cache, etc.).
Won't take this gigantic amounts of RAM? This might as well cause more writes when have a habit of shutting down your computer.
Safari only fills up till the Ram drive is full. So if there is no more space it will probably deleted the oldest cache entry and add a new recent entry. My Ram drive is 1GB of the 4GB inserted in my iMac which only supports 3GB anyway so no Ram lost at all.
I seriously doubt the number of writes is more when you have the habit of shutting down every time. Since my app uses rsync, it is smart enough to only sync changed files and not overwrite the whole backup every time at logout. All (over)writes in between do not add up to the SSD wear.
I seriously doubt the number of writes is more when you have the habit of shutting down every time. Since my app uses rsync, it is smart enough to only sync changed files and not overwrite the whole backup every time at logout. All (over)writes in between do not add up to the SSD wear.
Thanks for the hint. But it doesn't appear that rsync is being called during a restart (only shutdown; not sure about log out?).
Is this really a valid concern, about the SSD drive wearing out in its lifetime? How many writes do you get before they become unusable?
By the way, Safari, like any program, is automatically going to keep often used data in RAM, not on the hard drive (if you don't believe me, open up Activity Monitor and see how much real memory Safari is using).
By the way, Safari, like any program, is automatically going to keep often used data in RAM, not on the hard drive (if you don't believe me, open up Activity Monitor and see how much real memory Safari is using).
Hey, thanks for this!! Not only have I gotten a lot of useful opinions about SSDs, but this is a good example of creating a RAM disk in a Mac shell script AND making a shell script in to an app bundle.
All three are things I'm trying to learn more about right now.
All three are things I'm trying to learn more about right now.
This cool app can be adapted for firefox too, guide here:
http://snipeworld.com/2009/10/22/how-to-use-ramdisk-in-firefox-on-mac-os-x-10-5-leopard/
Thanks!
http://snipeworld.com/2009/10/22/how-to-use-ramdisk-in-firefox-on-mac-os-x-10-5-leopard/
Thanks!
Hi,
With Snow Leopard, will a ram disk noticeably benefit browsing performance, either Safari or Firefox? (My current daily use is primarily browsing. I've a good 20+ download Comcast connection. Even when in Developer menu, I've disabled caches, I hear a bunch of drive activity. Activity Monitor seems to show a bunch of disk IO as well.)
As an aside... I've been considering getting a Seagate Momentus XT hybrid SSD 500G drive -- now that they seemed to have fixed things with their December ver SD24 firmware update. And probably will when I upgrade my drive for capacity. The drive has been available as low as $90., so if I wait for another promo, it's not a lot more than another 7200RPM 500G drive.
Thanks.
With Snow Leopard, will a ram disk noticeably benefit browsing performance, either Safari or Firefox? (My current daily use is primarily browsing. I've a good 20+ download Comcast connection. Even when in Developer menu, I've disabled caches, I hear a bunch of drive activity. Activity Monitor seems to show a bunch of disk IO as well.)
As an aside... I've been considering getting a Seagate Momentus XT hybrid SSD 500G drive -- now that they seemed to have fixed things with their December ver SD24 firmware update. And probably will when I upgrade my drive for capacity. The drive has been available as low as $90., so if I wait for another promo, it's not a lot more than another 7200RPM 500G drive.
Thanks.
FYI: i had the Seagate you are thinking of getting and i wasn't happy with it. The speed was good but it had a lots of DULL moments when the HD would almost freeze. I did a firmware upgrade but the problem persisted. It was really annoying especially while watching movies.
i've replaced it with a OWC SSD :-)
i've replaced it with a OWC SSD :-)
Thanks. Do you recall if you tried the V24 firmware, posted in first half of December?
At CES a company announced an OEM HDD controller with SSD. Seagate should see some competition soon. Hopefully the drivers are fleshed out for this controller before they ship.
At CES a company announced an OEM HDD controller with SSD. Seagate should see some competition soon. Hopefully the drivers are fleshed out for this controller before they ship.
After reading this article, I stumbled across RAM Disk Utility Pro, a $15 shareware ramdisk from Taiwan. It creates a ramdisk and can create a file system link so that the Safari cache is redirected there. 64MB is plenty, and does seem to pep up safari a bit.
Use Flash Drive As Ram Mac
This is a great idea, I really want this to work, so I can cache things from my IDE and compiler output and what not, but unfortunately, I can't get it to store anything on log out.
It on 10.6.6 it appears that the shutdown function never runs.
if I run the script manually and SIGINT it will rsync but just logging out with the app in the Login Items doesn't store anything to the disk.
It reads what is there back in on login, but never stores any updates on log out.
I even tried adding more trap SIG stuff not luck.
# Shutdown: Register terminate signals.
trap shutdown SIGINT SIGTERM SIGEXIT
It on 10.6.6 it appears that the shutdown function never runs.
if I run the script manually and SIGINT it will rsync but just logging out with the app in the Login Items doesn't store anything to the disk.
It reads what is there back in on login, but never stores any updates on log out.
I even tried adding more trap SIG stuff not luck.
# Shutdown: Register terminate signals.
trap shutdown SIGINT SIGTERM SIGEXIT
Hat's off to QuickSander for making Cache2RAM. I had little issues with it though, it failed to sync backups and restore ramdisk content upon logout. So, I've tweaked the script and made it work via Login/LogoutHook.
My script is 99% based on QuickSander's work. Just that it works like a charm for me, wanted to share. I'm using it on OS X 10.6.8 without any issues. Here is github link to the project -
https://github.com/ideamonk/Rambola
Cheers!
My script is 99% based on QuickSander's work. Just that it works like a charm for me, wanted to share. I'm using it on OS X 10.6.8 without any issues. Here is github link to the project -
https://github.com/ideamonk/Rambola
Cheers!
Why RamDisk lost when changing network?